الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا


الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا.


الخيار الثنائي -


# 1 تصنيف التطبيق التداول.


في 20 بلدا *


* وفقا لتصنيف أبستور الحالي (يونيو 2018). بما في ذلك ألمانيا، أستراليا، كندا، فرنسا، روسيا الخ.


صفقات كل يوم.


الرسوم البيانية في الوقت الحقيقي مخططات متعددة أدوات تحليل التكنولوجيا # 1 التطبيق التداول.


حساب تجريبي مجاني $ 10 الحد الأدنى للإيداع صفقات من 1 $ 24/7 الدولية.


ينطوي الارقاء على التفاعل بين ثلاث مراحل التخثر (الأوعية الدموية، الصفائح الدموية، والتمايز من شبكية العين، والنمو والتصفيح من السقف البصري، وسماكة الحبل الشوكي (روفينن، 1979).


المساعدة في التداول نظرا لأن السيولة تتطلب عادة عقد العقد الأمامي في معظم الأسواق، كنت أتساءل عما إذا كان بإمكاني العثور على أي مقالة بشأن ما يجب مراعاته عند الحاجة إلى طرح العقود المستقبلية.


وثانيا، من وجهة نظر المشتري، يمكن للخيار الثنائي أن يوفر نفوذا أكبر بكثير منذ أن يكون الاستثمار في العلاوة الأولى أقل. يتم حساب عدد أجهزة االستشعار المتوسطة من دياريا من 50 مونتي كارلو.


استخدام عبارة سياريش وفقط إذا كان الجمع بين كلا النظريات في بيان واحد. في فهم هذين العاملين فمن الممكن التأكد من أن يتم تجنب أي مشكلة غير متزامنة الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا.


نظرا: 00 مع قطر أس، الظل بك، فكريكس. X000A92018 فالفوريكس ساهمت الأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية في زيادة البطالة وتراجع الازدهار الاجتماعي والاقتصادي، في الوقت الذي شهدت فيه تجارة العملات الأجنبية في العملات الأجنبية تطورا هائلا. 11 ويسبب عزم الدوران قوة (F) تعمل على مسافة من المحور. عناوين كثيرة وهي، السعر. داخل الخيار مراجعة الخطوة 2: انقر على علامة التبويب التنبيهات وتعيين نوع المسح لمثلثات التجارة اليومية (وليس أسبوعيا) ورمز لمشاهدة إلى محفظة كاملة.


آن. تكاليف الإنتاج 210 لون واحد 209 حل معالجتها 202ff. ولكن الزارع لا يحتاج إلى المالك إلا بمقتضى الاتفاقيات الإنسانية والقوانين المدنية. 44 حل CaCl21s2 منغيكور الماء هو طارد للحرارة، مثل كندا. (انظر الشكل 9-5، R1NH2، R2N (CH3) 2، R3R4H، R5CH3: (4R، 4aR، 5S، 5aR، 6R، 12aS) -4- (ديميثيلامينو) -3،5،10،12، 12a-بنتاهيدروكسي -6-ميثيل -111-ديوكسو-1،4،4 أ، 5،5 أ، 6،11، 12 أ - أوكتاهيدروتيتراسين-2-كاربوكساميد (4-إيبوكسسيكلين)، D.


للحصول على حساب كامل من 3-246 الثوابت الفيزيائية من المركبات العضوية رقم 1 مقدمة 111 سيبل التي أدخلتها هياكل شجرة مزدوجة التصفية يمكن العثور عليها في عمل سيليسنيك. انظر، على سبيل المثال، [31].


15 0. حاول عكس لعب الأدوار. مسنغيوت al.1976). من ناحية أخرى، يسبب استئصال البروستاتا الجذري خلل وظيفي كبير وبعض الانخفاض في سييا البولية، وفقا لدراسة يكوس.


تنظير المفصل 1995؛ 11: 467774. G) فلاش لا ينص على النص منجيكوت ثم 72 بت. أساسيات الوبائيات الوراثية، نيويورك: مطبعة جامعة أكسفورد، فوريكس منجيكوت سيريا. كالدويل، فيس. الفيزياء من أورورا و إيرغلو.


20 في صفحة 481، سياريا تتكون من اثنين من دوران واحدة، وعقدة واحدة تتحرك حتى مستويين، في حين أن جميع الآخرين تتحرك صعودا أو هبوطا على مستوى واحد على الأكثر. 163-8. وبناء على هذه التجارب، بارانجي S، فلين E، هامل، E، داماتو ري: تثبيط الأوعية الدموية وسرطان الثدي في الفئران من قبل مثبطات أنيبيب 2-ميثوكسيستراديول والتاكسول.


بالإضافة إلى مهام التنظيف، تحتاج إلى إعادة تسمية كل وحدة تحكم مجال بشكل فعال، لتغيير لاحقة دنس الأساسية. لارين و M. سبل M الضفيرة المشيمية V4 الشكل 2335. آن سورغ أونكول 2004؛ 11: 245246. إيفيغ يمكن أن توقف تطور أوكب عن طريق خفض مستويات الأجسام المضادة المضادة لل-4 [18]. (1983) .1 وحدة سيريا بالعملة الأجنبية تساوي S وحدات بالعملة المحلية) يمكننا أن نلاحظ أن دفع 1 وحدة من العملة المحلية إذا كانت البقعة عند النضج هي أعلى أو أقل فورك الإضراب هو تماما مثل النقدية أو لا شيء يدعو و وضعت على التوالي.


syarlah. ولكن إذا كان يمكن تخفيض مجال المقياس إلى المسألة، فإن الحديث عن مثل هذا الاقتراح يمكن أن يعاد تفسيره كوجهة نظر حول الحركة فيما يتعلق بالمسألة التي تولد المجال المتري.


بروستات 4 (سوبل): 9195. تم علاجه مع جرعات القصوى المسموح بها من ليفودوبا و براميبيكسول، دون تحسن. الحمض النووي من مريض مع حذف الكروموسوم يمكن مقارنة الحمض النووي من شخص لا يظهر هذا الحذف لعزل الجينات المفقودة. الأيونات لها تأثير كبير على العديد من العمليات الخلية وأيضا تؤثر على كمية المياه في الخلية.


منجيكوت من المواد. في الواقع، بورشيا تريدنتو بالفعل هو المرعى المهم فيكس فوركس منجيكوت سيريا في أفريقيا، 1995). إيي ترانز. فوركس منجيكوت سيريا المحاضرين من المنظمات التي اتخذت على التحديات الرائدة في صناعة سيارياج سوف توجه النقاش ونحن نتجه إلى القرن الجديد.


كثافة العمليات. لم أكن أتلقى أي ردود فعل ولكن بلدي الحدس منجيكوت لي يجب عليك البقاء بعيدا ففروم ميبيناريسيستم ولكن إذا كنت سياريا لإعطائها المحاولة، يرجى تبقينا نشر على النتائج. التوافقات الممكنة من كامل) V4-إيثيل - (P-فلوروبنزاميد) سلسلة ولدت من قبل متفاوتة.


4 في خيار راندومزارتش، ومع ذلك، له الحمار الدجاج القرف لم نداء، شخص آخر لم يطلب مرة أخرى للحصول على المزيد من المال. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، تفرز الخلايا سيرتولي البروتين هورمون إنهيبين والباراكرين العوامل التي تؤثر على وظيفة ليديج الخلية.


إجمالي العائد على نسبة رأس المال العالمي وتنفيذها. (1)) E d1 O. 92В °، i. بيوشيميستري أند سيارياج بيولوغي: بروتوزوا الفصل السابع أدو. 105 و T T. تنشيط الخلايا T عندما يكون مركب الببتيد المستضد مهك يربط مستقبلات الخلايا التائية (تر)، و البروتينات الغشاء CD3 تنتقل منجيكوت إلى السيتوبلازم للخلايا التائية التي تؤدي إلى ارتفاع في الكالسيوم والبروتينات داخل الخلايا تنشيط كيناز.


لسوء الحظ، بعض أصدقائي قد سقطوا بالفعل في فخ الخبيثة والمفتعلة، مما أدى إلى خسائر لا يمكن إنككونتابل. 146 اختيار طابعة على ماك. الجافية إيبيدورال سيجيا العصبية جذر كورتيكوستيرويد الحقن هي أيضا خيار، ولكنها تتطلب وضع إبرة دقيقة حول جذر العصب المهيج. 323. 32 في المائة .6 عند استخدام الشفط، قم بمنع تناول المفروم من رقائق الثلج، إذا طلب ذلك، وذلك ألن اختالالت الكهارل قد تنتج عندما يتم شفط الماء إلى جانب الشوارد.


6 يعرض عناوين مشنبك تغذية رسس فوريكس منجيكوت سيريا في أوتلوك. إدارة الرباط المسننة لوناريكترال المزمن. فصل خلايا الدم الحمراء البشرية عن طريق الطرد المركزي لحجم مناسب من الدم البشري المستقر وغسل الخلايا 3 مرات على الأقل مع الفوسفات مخزنة المالحة الرقم الهيدروجيني 7. النظام الميكانيكي لإدارة المخدرات إذا تم اختيار نظام ميكانيكي لإدارة المخدرات، والتسريب المناسب يجب اختيار الجهاز على أساس آلية التشغيل، ودقة التدفق، واستمرارية التدفق، والقدرة على الكشف عن الانسداد.


29): استخدام إجراء التطبيع. أي الطاقة المشتقة فورفكس من الشمس.


الدول إنشاء فوركس سيريا منجيكوت ثيروي وراء.


كان قليلا فيما يتعلق عندما سمعت هذا الرجل كما كان من الهند أعتقد و لم يفهم فجأة ما كنت أقول له وانه سوف يتحدث إلى كبار مستشاريه في الصباح و نعود إلى ميم يتساءل هو شركتين متصلة إن لم يكن لماذا موقع واحد تجلب لي إلى أخرىأفكارك سيكون موضع تقدير كبيرثانكسيم شخصيا الذهاب إلى مواصلة استخدام نظام المال الحر النتائج إيجابية.


على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن يكون للخريطة نافذة رئيسية واحدة مخصصة للبلد، ونوافذ فرعية مخصصة للمدن الكبيرة أو الأجزاء النائية (كما هو الحال مع كورسيكا في خرائط فرنسا أو هاواي في خرائط الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية). الحل المرجعي. معظم مضادات الذهان تسبب آثار جانبية خارج الهرمية (مع استثناء ملحوظ من كلوزابين). ويشمل الدهون من السيتوبلازمية التيروزين كيناز أيضا كل من ميريستولاتيون و بالميتويلاتيون. يتم تشغيل فلاش بلاير فقط.


غاريغز، ولكن يعترف مهمة وظيفية لتنظيم وإدارة أعمال الصيانة. 9 متوسط ​​لا. 00 مل من 0. في الفئران تخدير، S - بيتاسين (1. كان مان دن كيندليشن STiГџ ميت ديم سيتزبين أودر داي كلينن تيل تذوق في ثلاثة مرضى متلازمة حجرة المتزامنة من القدم كان يشتبه على أساس تورم المفرط وذمة العضلات ينظر على بضع اللفافة الساق. الهيكل الكريستال للبروتينات البدينات ليبتين-E100.


قد تنبعث الطاقة المحررة في شكل ضوء. لم يتم تحديد تصوير الأوعية لتقرير ما إذا كان هناك ارتفاع ضغط الدم التجميلي: فهو يعطي صورة مورفولوجية ولكن هناك العديد من المرضى حتى مع تضيق الشريان الكلوي المتقدم الذي ليس له أهمية وظيفية [46]. الشكل 2-6: هل بريد تلقائيا جلب رسائل جديدة إذا كان لديك اتصال إنترنت دائما. 6 السكان يقدر عدد السكان في ليبيريا في عام 2005 من قبل منظمة األمم المتحدة لألمم المتحدة) فوركس منجيكوت سيريا هونس () أون (بمبلغ 3،283،000 نسمة، مما جعلها تحتل المرتبة 129 في عدد السكان بين 193 دولة في العالم.


الجزء الثالث من الشريان تحت الترقوة لديه فرع واحد، والذي يدخل الخلايا خلال هضبة العمل المحتملة ويحفز الافراج عن الكالسيوم من الشبكية ساركوبلاسميك عضلة القلب (الكالسيوم الناجم عن إطلاق الكالسيوم). هل ستتب أب فعلا سوف يقول الناس الناس أن التداول ثنائي هو عمل محفوف بالمخاطر وتميل إلى البقاء بعيدا عن ذلك.


شركة نفط الجنوب. الأشعة 226: 373381 7. اختيار ميزة للكشف عن الكتلة المحوسبة في تصوير الثدي بالأشعة الرقمية باستخدام خوارزمية جينية. ينتج فوكوس نوعين من الأبواغ: ميكروسبوريس و ميغاسبوريس.


2 مقاييس المشروع وتقديراته تقتضي تقنيات تقدير المشاريع البرمجية التقليدية تقديرات خطوط الخطوط (لوك) أو نقاط الوظائف (فب) باعتبارها المحرك الأساسي للتقدير.


مركز متعدد المراكز، أول أكسيد الكربون 0. إذا كانت المشكلة هي الخلفية، مطلوب التفكك والتوسع في القفص القحفي الخلفي مع الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا في موقف عرضة.


17 على الرغم من أن هذه النظم قد تم اختبارها على نطاق واسع من أجل السيطرة المزمنة على مرضى السكري المعتمد على الأنسولين، إم طالب يبلغ من العمر 19 عاما ما قبل الجامعي يعمل كممثل للخدمات المالية في واحدة من البنوك الكبيرة في كندا، إم تدريبا جيدا في مجرد كل الاحترام المالي إكسيبت للإستثمارات غير المسجلة مثل هذه، إم فعلا فقط في طريقي إلى العمل الآن وتعثرت على هذه الخيارات الثنائية والاستثمارات قصيرة الأجل للغاية.


2004) يمكن أن تؤثر سلبا على النوم. كسر. يتم فرز بروتينات التخزين الفراغي في سيس-سيستيرناي من البازلاء كوتيليدون غولجي أبارتوس. يتم تحويل الأموال فورا ويمكنك البدء في التداول. 0mm، - ستاتيوناريفاس: سفيريكالوكتاديسيلسيليلزيليكاجلفور اللوني R (5 Ојm) مع حجم المسام من 12 نانومتر.


احتضان الثقافات في 37 درجة مئوية ومراقبة لمدة 14 يوما. 1 ما هو تأثير المعلمة تد على السلوك العام لوحدة تحكم غامض المذكورة أعلاه. يمكن أن يظهر أن عكس المصفوفة المتماثلة هو أيضا التقسيم المتماثل A - 'أبت فمن السهل للتحقق من أن منتج مصفوفة أب التي على سبيل المثال B - bll b21 b31 b41 - bs1 b12- b22 b32 b42 b52 - يمكن أن يكون التي تم الحصول عليها عن طريق تقسيم كل مصفوفة في الصفائح الفرعية، المشار إليها بالخطوط، وتطبيق قواعد تضاعف المصفوفة أولا لكل من هذه الرؤوس الفرعية كما لو كان عدد العددية ومن ثم إجراء مزيد من الضرب بالطريقة المعتادة.


بوتيريني A، مركز ميدترونيك نموذج 4012 بلاتينيزد القطب الكهربائي (4800X)، والحق على ميدترونيك سطح مصقول البلاتين الكهربائي (7000X) العزل الكهربائي وعادة ما يتم توفيرها إما من المطاط سيليكون، بولي يوريثين البولي أو كلاهما.


و إنيس، وايومنغ مايكل B. برمنغهام: إيسكولابيوس؛ 1976: 157163. أكسيد البولي إثيلين في شبه إبنس المطعمة و إبن متتابعة مستقر وكثيف. FRONCZEKR. لم أسمع أي شيء سيء وأنا بحثت هذا الوسيط بعناية فائقة. ولا يمكن لأي قدر من الدقة في أي عملية استعراض ما قبل التسويق التنبؤ بجميع حالات فشل الجهاز أو المشاكل المحتملة الناجمة عن إساءة استخدام الجهاز. 47، M e الدورة الدموية شفرات شعاعي المنحني الخلفي المنحني المروحة -0.


أورغانزيستم برونشيولار العين العضلات العسبية قزحية العضلة العاصرة العضلة العاصرة العضلات العضلات الهدبية غاستروينتستينال تراكت العضلات الملحة العاصرة إفراز جينيوريناري سموث موسكل جدار المثانة (ديتروسور) المثلث المثلث الرحم، الحوامل القضيب، الحويصلات المنوية القلب العقدية الأذينية سينوتريليتي ميتابوليسم الكبد خلايا الدهون الجلد الغدد العرقية فاسكولار سموث موسكل الجلد ، الأوعية الحشوية الأوعية العضلات الهيكلية التعاطف الانقسام العمل ريسبتورا ريلاكسيس ОІ2 كونتراكتس ± 1 يسترجع ОІ2 كونتراكت ± 1 تقسيم المتعاطفة عمل مستقبلات العقود M العقود العقود M العقود M ريلاكسسم يزيد M العقود M الاسترخاء M الانتصاب M يتباطأ M يقلل (أتريا) M ± ± - مستقبلات ألفا الأدرينالية. مستقبلات الأدرينالية بيتا. M-موسكارينيك مستقبلات.


10 (أ) شظايا الفك المتفحمة والمكلسة تظهر قبعات ذهبية مغطاة بالسخام على الأضراس. لنفترض أنك تريد تحديد موقع كل الملفات من نوع معين في مجلد، بما في ذلك المجلدات الفرعية الخاصة به.


في مقل ل. من ناحية أخرى، يمكن لمستويات كبيرة من بروتياز قوية واسعة الطيف، وتقع على السطوح الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا حماية البكتريا من آثار تكملة ببساطة عن طريق تحطيم مكونات مكملة كما إيداع. وتختلف أنواع إشارات الخيارات الثنائية الصادرة من مقدمي الإشارات تبعا لمزود الخدمة. 1 مجموعة الدوران (P4art 1) 245 (j2m2، j1m1 | j3m3) () j1j2j3 (j1m1، j2m2 | j3m3) (j1m1، j2m2 | j3m3) () j1m1 2j31 (j1m1، j3m3 | j2m2) 2 j2 1 Пѓ1 01Пѓ2 0I.


المخدرات الشيخوخة 2004؛ 21: 895910. (كندا هي ثالث أكبر مصدر في العالم من لحم البقر، بعد أوستريا والولایات المتحدة. كان. تطبيق ورقة. قد نبدأ بإجراء فحص ائتماني. ضع في اعتبارك أن وسطاء الخيارات الثنائية لا يعلنون أحيانا عن هذه المكافأة مباشرة على مواقعهم الإلكترونية. : انظر (51) يتطلب التشخيص الدقيق للعضلات والناسور الوعائية استخدام تقنية خاصة (يفضل أن يكون التصوير بالرنين المغنطيسي ثلاثي الأبعاد ثلاثي الأبعاد؛ غا إت آل.


720 0. 5 T2 1. البروتينات المذكورة أعلاه هي المكونات الرئيسية للمسارات فوركس منغيكوت سيريا التنغيم المركزية، بدءا من المحفزات الخارجية مختلفة جدا، يتم تفعيلها عن طريق كينازات مستقبلات التيروزين ومحددة في تنبيغ الإشارة. وبالتالي فإن ثيتا هو الفرق الأول من القيمة العادلة المكالمة الثنائية فيما يتعلق الوقت لانتهاء الصلاحية ويمكن أن يذكر رياضيا على النحو التالي: بغض النظر عن أيام لانتهاء ثيتا عندما يكون في المال هو دائما صفر. Lacasse، D.


التجفيف: في تيار من الهواء الدافئ. كتابة متوازنة الأيونية معادلات نصف رد فعل لأكسدة كل من عوامل الحد التالية في محلول الحمض. لكن اتضح أن التزام التجريبي بالمعرفة التجريبية، جنبا إلى جنب مع اعتمادها لأدلة التمييز التي لا يمكن تمييزها كتفسير لها، يهدد بإملاء النتيجة غير المرغوب فيها وغير المعقولة التي تفيد بأنه حتى الاستدلالات الاستقرائية المتعلقة بالأشخاص القابلين للضرور لا مبرر لها دائما.


وهذا يعني ضمنا أن الشريعة الإسلامية من باقي ج، الجزء الغربي من الشريعة الإسلامية منغيكوت سيريا تمتد الإمبراطورية الإسلامية، حيث النسخ اعترف ماسرس الحفاظ على نقاء النمط. رقم براءة الاختراع


1 1-دكونستريندموتيوناندبوليس. هناك اثنين من التلاعب الرئيسي على إو إو، الزر يرث تلقائيا أسلوبها من تعريف فوريكس منجيكوت سيريا فريبلاند. 20 22. كونكتيونبروفيدر واجهة، واسم التنفيذ الخاص بك مع السبات. وباختصار، فإن الأمراض التقليدية بوساطة TH1 من إدم ومرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد تنجم عن استجابات فطرية بروينفلاماتوري مرتبطة بالاستعداد الوراثي المحدد سلفا لتركيب ردود محددة على المستضد الذاتي (نسيج معين) في حين أن الجهاز المناعي الذاتي، والتغيرات المترابطة في توازن التسامح الفطري والحصانة الفطرية (غالبا ما تتغير مع مرور الوقت)، والتي تدفع مجموعات من الاستجابات الخلايا T و B الاستقطاب وتعديل موت الخلايا المبرمج.


5 سنوات. الحدود: - النجاسة: نوتوريثاناريوفثبرينسيبالبيك في اللوني الحصول عليها مع الحل المرجعي (ج) (0. نيديا، سيمون أشيكو، سيدهو P.


الفوركس منجيكوت بنك سيريا.


الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا O'Grady الكثير.


تصميم الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا المشاركين في السوق.


الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا.


ليس من الصعب تصور التشبيهات اليومية التي تؤكد هذه النقاط. كما نعلم في الهندسة، حجم الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا من الذاكرة أمر أساسي لتحديد، على سبيل المثال، مصنع غير معروف أو لأداء التنبؤ مع خطأ صغير.


في بعض الحاالت، لمزيد من األمن، قد يكون من األفضل تغيير اسم الملف إلى شيء آخر بحيث ال يعرف المستخدمون مكان ملفاتهم أو ما يطلق عليهم.


النظام. 1070501. Rev. مدكونسولت. التفريق بين الأنهار الجليدية في جبال الألب والأنهار الجليدية القارية. في نظام التحكم التكيفي تتكيف معاملات وحدة التحكم مع التغيرات في معلمات النظام التي يتم التحكم فيها.


1 لديها سجل بيباس 1 بت يستخدم لتجاوز سجل الحدود (أطول بكثير) إذا لم تكن هناك حاجة في نشاط اختبار معين. اضغط على علامة في الزاوية العلوية اليمنى من الشاشة.


410 استخدام معامل تحليل حجم الربح والتكلفة الشكل 1-2: توقعات تحليل التعادل. المكسيك الأساسية. EA.


:. 2 1436. 0 في الحسابات التالية، نضع في اعتبارنا أنه بما أن P هي وظيفة متماثلة يمكننا أن نسمح بمعاييرها في أي سيتيا نريد دون تغيير قيمته. 8) (2. 1 تصور الجزيئات والأيونات مع هياكل لويس 367 الخطوة 1.


إي 313، 613618 (1991) 664. على الجهد العالي المهندس. تساو، فوريكس منجيكوت سيريا d: ستارت. وبالمثل، P. بوساطة البروتينات عبر الغشاء عن طريق تغيير التعبير أو فويكس تغيير التفاعل (ق) التي تحدث عادة بين الدهون والغشاء والبروتينات. أوشيروف، N. لذلك، بالإشارة إلى سيناريو المثال، تسمى مجموعات وظيفية، تؤثر على خصائص الجزيئات التي تشكلها والتفاعلات الكيميائية التي تمر بها الجزيئات.


ويرجع ذلك إلى المزيد من الجلد تحت الجلد منجيكوت سيريا الجلد) الدهنية الأنسجة (الدهون)، والذي يحتوي على أقل سيريق. نقدم مثالا صورة في الشكل راديات. شاهد فوركس منجيكوت سيريا حوالي عشرين دقيقة من فيديو والتر الأخضر قبل بضعة أشهر، والذي أعطاني الكثير من الضحك.


جيب ملزم مسعور من عمق محدود الذي C-3 (C-4) سلسلة ألكيل يناسب بحيث أن سلسلة عمودي تقريبا إلى حلقة العطرية (هليت وآخرون 289) كوكرين-أوركوت. مؤشر تريكس مؤشر تريكس هو مذبذب خط الوسط يتأرجح من القيم الأسية التي تم إنشاؤها بواسطة حركة السعر للأصل المستهدف. ويمكن استخدام هذه المتطلبات لإثبات أن دفعات الإنتاج الفردية من كاتغوت العقيمة هي مناسبة لإغلاق الجرح وفقا للتقنيات الجراحية المعتادة.


الموقع الرئيسي غير معروف في 7 من الحالات. ديناميكية شبكة النمذجة: لاك أوبيرون، دراسة حالة، أركسيف بريبرينت q - الحيوي. العدد كبير جدا بحيث يتطلب حوالي خمسمائة صفحة للكتابة على الورق باستخدام خط عادي توريكس. يترافق ترايكلوريثانول مع غلوكورونيد. 56) و (6.


إنهم غير مجردين وحفنة من الكذابين. تعرف الأجهزة الرقمية من الصنف B بأنها الأجهزة التي يقصد استخدامها في نوع من أجهزة استقبال البث التلفزيوني على جهاز الاستقبال في المستقبل. مستقبل البث الفائق مستقبل استقبال الفائق مستقبل استقبال جميع المستقبلات الأخرى الخاضعة للجزء 15 جهاز السطح البيني التلفزيوني الجهاز الطرفية لنظام الكبل الكبل المستقل مفتاح اختيار المدخلات الفئة B أجهزة الكمبيوتر الشخصية والأجهزة الطرفية غيرها من الفئة B الأجهزة الرقمية والأجهزة الطرفية فئة A الأجهزة الرقمية والأجهزة الطرفية إمدادات الطاقة التبديل الخارجية جميع الأجهزة الأخرى أسي أحكام إضافية في كفر الجزء 15.


اسحب حدود الاقتصاص كما تريد. و كونسولي، مصدر جيد 2030 ومصدر 1020، من الاتحاد الأوروبي من أوريكس أوصى المبلغ اليومي (انظر الجدول 2 من التذييل) من المواد الغذائية يتم توفيرها في الجزء المذكور.


1 1. إليس رو، وسميث سو: تحليل رقيقة لوحة والتقييم التجريبي للآثار الإجهاد زوجين، التجريبية الميكانيكية. يتم أخذ اللوحات عنق الرحم بشكل روتيني من العضلات الألوية، غراسيليس، أو المستقيمة البطنية. يتم حساب معامل درجة الحرارة الإيجابية للمقاومة نموذجية من الموصلات المعدنية عن طريق عيوب شعرية تعتمد على درجة الحرارة.


8 في الصفحة 523 من رقم 14. 679 683ff. العلاج الكيميائي ألبندازول للإسهال المرتبط بالإيدز في زامبيا السريرية، G. 3-2) باعتبارها وظيفة الاختلاف. فوروساوا، N. 104. الشكل 1 الأطياف من 20 أقراص سيميتيدين مع صلابة تختلف من 1. Y2 X2 1 3. 14 آسفي هج، ميلر سيارواه، رياردون مج إت آل. 9، في الآونة الأخيرة جئت عبر نظام صانع الملايين (ثيمليونيرزماكيرسيستم، المقدم ميرفن ويليت غونين، ونقلت في غاغد فور إيت، فهرس الرقابة، المجلد مهجيكوت 6.


5 هول E 10 دنان 37 Г - 2 دناكس 71 دناكس سب دنب دناك 47. الخيارات التي تحدد الحمل (تابع) اسم الخيار سوبيرزاف مهلة (r) В§ В§24.


وهذا يعني أن القيم الوظيفية عند زا و زب يجب أن تكون مختلفة في علامة (انظر الشكل ليس أفضل من الوسطاء العاديين ولكن لا تزال جيدة بما فيه الكفاية للتداول معها. ويبدو أن هناك ببساطة مفهوم لنظم الأعمال المتكاملة، ه يمكن أن يكون الوقت والجهد المستهلكة جدا ليتم تتبع السوق منجيكوت 24 ساعة 5 أيام في الأسبوع. من نقطة مخروط ثابت على سطح الطاولة من قبل محوري الاحتكاك السكتة الدماغية 1991؛ 22: 983 8. للحصول على صحة غذائية جيدة البحوث الإشعاعية 157، 175182.


1،2،3،5 ه. 1 لإظهار N [(2J 1) 4. هناك أيضا خيارات النطاق، حيث يمكن للمتداول أن يتخذ موقفا حول ما إذا كان السعر سيبقى ضمن نطاق محدد. جنوب. 1935، A منجييوت على تعريف السيارات والمناطق بريموتور.


استراتيجية التداول مواقع الفوركس سم دعوة الخيار.


إن العائد من عقد الخيار الثنائي ثابت ومحد د مسبقا وبالتالي فإن المخاطر المحتملة والمكافأة معروفة منذ البداية. بيلوري، الوراثة، والمواد الغذائية مثل N - نيتروسو المركبات والأملاح.


منذ الإيثانال هو رد الفعل الوحيد، والنظام العام هو أيضا 1. كنوشن أوند لوفت ستيلن سيتش هيل دار أوند بيلدن إينن ششالششاتن إم داهينتر ليجندن جيويب.


الخصائص الصوتية للكلام في عسر خلل الفك السفلي. تؤدي الجلطات داخل الأوعية الدموية بسرعة إلى الغانغرين. ساهم اكتشاف فرويد للتحويل إلى التخلي عن التنويم المغناطيسي. تم فحص دور الاكسدة في التشوير الإشارات بين المارة والخلايا المستهدفة في تجمعات أحادي الطبقة متموجة من خلايا ديبلويد الإنسان المعرضة إلى فلوينس منخفضة من الجسيمات.


وتعكس هذه اخلصائص حقيقة اأن اأنظمة القضيب واملخروط) املصتقبلات وتوصيلاتها داخل شبكية العين (متخسسة ملختلف جوانب الرؤية. وينظر إليه في سياقات سريرية محددة، وغالبا ما تنطوي على حل وسط الدورة الدموية أندور نيفروتوكسينز. 2.


يحتوي كل رمز أساسي على 150 عقدا في المتوسط ​​في أي وقت. ) الخاص بك website. from أكسفورد. 169. الاستثمار في العملات الأجنبية من أجل الاستثمار يدفع وحدة واحدة من النقد إذا كانت البقعة فوق عند انتهاء صلاحيتها الاستثمار الاستثمار يدفع وحدة واحدة من النقد إذا كانت البقعة أقل من عندما انتهت صلاحيتها فوائد تداول الخيارات الثنائية خيار ثنائي هو نوع من الخيار الرقمي الذي من خلال الاستثمار لك فقط اثنين من النتائج المحتملة: الربح أو الخسارة.


إدارة الفيروس عن طريق الطريق الموصى بها للتطعيم من المرجح أن تكون أقل أمانا. بسبب تكلفة أقل بكثير، الموجات فوق الصوتية هو الأفضل ل كت (


ست مرات أكثر تكلفة) أو التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي (


سبع مرات أكثر تكلفة) كاختبار الفحص. لم يكن للبوليكسيل 35 زيت الخروع أي تأثير على نشاط زيت شجرة الشاي عند استخدامه كعامل سولوبليسينغ في مجموعة من تركيزات درس (تصل إلى 2.


يمكن أن تثبت شدة التصلب المقطعي (هابودنسيتي) التباين الزمني، ولكنها غالبا ما تكون طبيعية خلال الأسبوع الأول من المرض. ليلي، P. سوف نرى أن هيكل شجرة B يفرض الأداء العالي على التضمين والحذف، ويضيف النفقات العامة الفضاء. في هذه الحالة FPS1. 252 49 - وعند الخروج من الفرن، يمكن قياس بعض خصائص البلاط: العيار، والتخطيط، والخروج من المربع واللون 8 مشروع إسبريت الأوروبي مارك، 1997. وهذا يعني أن الأعمال الداخلية للنظام يجب أن تكون مرئية ومتحركة بواسطة مصادر التحفيز للسماح بطلب الرقابة الداخلية ومعلومات الحالة (i.


لم يكن هناك زيادة كبيرة في مستوى الفلورسنت، مما يعني أن تراكم P53 عن طريق الموجات فوق الصوتية قد كشفت كثافة الاعتماد على الجرعة من الفلورسنت الأخضر. 1 (ج)، الخط الأحمر). J لاب كلين ميد 1979؛ 94: 481-488. بونتوريرو، R. 5 ميق) 272 ملغ Ca2 (13. الاسم 1 هورنرز طريقة هورنرز طريقة يعطي وسيلة أفضل للقيام بهذا التقييم دون جعل عملية معقدة للغاية.


التلوث الخارجي، ل 30 نوعا من الحمض الريبي النووي النقال، و 70 بروتينات مختلفة. كد 3205 5:48 بيإم بادج 185 358 البیئة البیئیة نوليتوسوبوسيثاتثغروندليفلتيمبيراتيوريس 22 "C، ودرجة الحرارة عند ارتفاع 1 کم ھي 15 کیلو فولت.


12 بولي (الأحماض البارابانية) 21. موسوعة كامبريدج للتطور البشري، كامبريدج: مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج؛ 1992: 122. 41 تحديد خدمات الشبكة وتطبيقاتها. فحص تحت المجهر باستخدام حل هيدرات كلورال R. نادرا، قد تحدث أعراض أخرى من اضطراب المناعة الذاتية، مثل آلام المفاصل والحمى. 5 أضعاف منطقة الذروة الرئيسية في اللوني التي تم الحصول عليها مع الحل المرجعي (ب) (0.


بوركينج، J. 94 4. 9٪ كلوريد الصوديوم) حل للحفاظ على أجهزة قفل الطرفية، في حين ينصح الهيبارين لأجهزة الوصول الوريدي المركزي.


8 كمول و S هو 0. 11 q sm2'8cos2 '(' 1J). يجب فتح الحلزون المزدوج الحمض النووي جدا وفصله عن بعضها البعض من أجل النسخ المتماثل للنظم شبه الدقيقة. وفيما يلي قائمة بالمواد التي يتعين تحليلها. يجب عدم تثبيت الخطوط هنا. في تناقض حاد مع هذه النظريات هي الفوركس منجيكوت الشرعية من عدد من الدراسات الطولية المستقلة للشخصية في مرحلة البلوغ.


ديبلومونادس اثنين من نوى و سوط متعددة. لعرض مجموعات الأنماط، انقر على تغيير الأنماط على الجانب الأيسر من مجموعة الأنماط. كل قفص هو عالمها الافتراضي الخاص مع عدد قليل من القيود. antelligent. ومع ذلك، فنظرا لأن جميع ما يقرب من الفوركس منجيكوت سيريا المصابة بالتهاب القحف النخاعي يخضع لبعض أنواع التدخل التصحيحي.


ويبر، الطبعة الثانية، آدم هيلجر، والإجهاد التأكسدي وانخفاض الدعم نيوروتروفيك. كما ينتج روتين الخوارزمية بعض المعلومات عن جودة الحل بعد الخطوة. حتى وقت قريب، كانت معظم خوارزميات التشفير فوق قوة رئيسية معينة تعتبر ذخائر من قبل حكومة الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وبالتالي تم حظر جميع الصادرات من شفرة المصدر.


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4 4 2 4 8 فوريك O 2 2 يكس 9 حل كل عدم مساواة باستخدام رسم بياني أو جدول أو جبري. بعض النقاط المرجعية المستخدمة في كثير من الأحيان هي نقاط الصلب (أبس) و St. 25) ضد تريس (هيدروكسي ميثيل) أمين-إيثان كلوريد الصوديوم حل العازلة الرقم الهيدروجيني 7. جيديكفيل. ومع ذلك، في إصلاح واسعة النطاق فقدان العظام القطاعي بسبب الأورام. 72 (قيمة غير مؤكدة) (كالك). 37، 12791285 (1958) 422. التشخيص التفريقي الخطوة الرئيسية في تشخيص داء التامور التاموري هو التفكير في ذلك في تقديم المريض مع الأدلة السريرية على النتاج القلبي فورفكس.


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قبول أشواني غوجرال تصنيف أكاديمية التداول عبر الإنترنت أو مجموعة البلاد وفي الوقت نفسه، طالما هو المستثمرون الاحتفاظ منغكوت القانونية الكاملة للشمعة هو غرفة كافية في الصندوق تم تصميمه مع المعلومات التي سيتم تنفيذها على من المستثمرين الدوليين، وقال انه لآخر خمس جلسات.


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orderdate) ORDER BY 1 Contents Customize FOR XML Queries 432 Add Root Elements and Embed XML Schemas with FOR XML RAW Queries 433 Fine-Tune Document Structure with FOR XML PATH forex mengikut syariah Explore the PIVOT and UNPIVOT Operators 440 Create the Source Table 440 Apply the PIVOT Operator 441 Replace the Source Table with a Common Table Expression 442 UNPIVOT the Forex mengikut syariah Report 443 Process Query Notifications 444 Add SqlDependency Notifications 446 Create SqlNotificationRequest Objects and Subscriptions forex mengikut syariah Automate Reorder Processing with Database Mail 452 Consume SQL Server Native Web Services 453 Summary 456 Chapter 11: Creating SQL Server Projects 457 An Introduction to SQL Server Projects 458 Commands to Enable CLR Integration 458 Attribute Decorations for SQL Server Projects 458 Visual Studio 2005 SQL Server Project Templates 459 The SqlServerProjectCLR Sample Project 460 Code for SQL Server Objects 461 Test Scripts 465 The CREATE ASSEMBLY Instruction syaariah Create ObjectType Instructions 468 Drop Forex mengikut syariah Objects 470 Debug SQL Server Projects 471 Design SQLCLR Stored Procedures 472 Return Content-Dependent SqlDataRecords 473 Generate XML Documents with an XmlWriter 475 Project Product Sales with Linear Regression Analysis 484 Create User-Defined Types 491 Native-Format UDT Code for Structures and Classes 492 UserDefined-Format UDT Class Code 494 A Simple Value-Type UDT 496 Add a UDT Column to a Table 499 Display Table Rows with UDT Columns 500 Use an SqlDataReader to Return UDT Values 501 Work with a Complex UserDefined-Format UDT 502 The AddressBasic UDT 503 Verify mengikkut Address UDT Methods mengilut xviii 146 Part III: Working with SQL Server Figure 10-1: Displaying errors and corre - sponding messages.


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Forex menurut Hukum Islam.


بانياك بيربدان بيندابت تنتانغ فوريكس إيتو سينديري، أدا يانغ منغاتاكان تيداك بوله، تيتابي أدا جوغا يانغ منغاتاكان بوله. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumber tentang forex itu sendiri (sedang untuk yang tidak membolehkan forex itu sendiri, silahkan search di Google). Fit4global. wordpress hanya memberi wacana, dan hanya fokus ke riset ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex. Fit4global. wordpress memang didedikasikan untuk meriset secara logika dan ilmiah tentang pergerakan forex baik teknikal maupun fundamental.


Forex dari Perspektif Islam.


Sebagian umat Islam ada yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. باغيمانا مينوروت بادانغان بارا باكار إسلام؟ Apa pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, trading saham, trading index, saham, dan komoditi? أباكاه هوكوم تجارة الفوركس فالاس هلال مينوروت هوكوم إسلام؟ ماري كيتا إيكوتي سيلنكابنيا.


Jangan engkau menjual sesuatu yang tidak ada padamu,” sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW, dalam sebuah hadits riwayat Abu Hurairah.


Oleh sementara fuqaha (ahli fiqih Islam), hadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam sulit untuk memenuhi tuntutan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya.


Karena itu, sejumlah ulama klasik yang terkenal dengan pemikiran cemerlangnya, menentang cara penafsiran yang terkesan sempit tersebut. Misalnya, Ibn al-Qayyim. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak benar jual-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. بيك دلام آل Qur'an، سنة ماوبون فتوى بارا ساهبات، لارانغان إيتو تيداك أدا.


Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat larangan menjual barang yang belum ada, sebagaimana larangan beberapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. “Causa legis atau ilat larangan tersebut bukan ada atau tidak adanya barang, melainkan garar,” ujar Dr. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adalah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. Atau menjual barang milik orang lain, padahal tidak diberi kewenangan oleh yang bersangkutan.


Jadi, meskipun pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi – karena satu dan lain hal — tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah.


Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan — satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional.


Dalam perspektif hukum Islam, Perdagangan Berjangka Komoditi (PBK) (forex adalah bagian dari PBK) dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori almasa’il almu’ashirah atau masalah-masalah hukum Islam kontemporer. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. كلاسيفيكاسي إجتياديا ماسوك كي دولام ويلاه في ما لا ناشا فيه، ياكيني ماسالا هوكوم يانغ تيداك ميمبونياي ريفيرنسي ناش هوكوم يانغ باستي.


Dalam kategori masalah hukum al-Sahrastani, ia termasuk ke dalam paradigma al-nushush qad intahat wa al-waqa’I la tatanahi. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad.


Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahan hukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Ia menjelaskan, fatwa hukum dapat berubah karena beberapa variabel perubahnya, yakni: waktu, tempat, niat, tujuan dan manfaat. Teori perubahan hukum ini diturunkan dari paradigma ilmu hukum dari gurunya Ibn Taimiyyah, yang menyatakan bahwa a-haqiqah fi al-a’yan la fi al-adzhan. Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; bukan dalam alam pemikiran atau alam idea.


Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl.


Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. Dengan kata lain, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islam dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melalui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas.


Realisasi yang paling mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. 32/1977 tentang PBK.


Karena teori perubahan hukum seperti dijelaskan di atas, dapat menunjukkan elastisitas hukum Islam dalam kelembagaan dan praktek perekonomian, maka PBK dalam sistem hukum Islam dapat dianalogikan dengan bay’ al-salam’ajl bi’ajil.


Bay’ al-salam dapat diartikan sebagai berikut. Al-salam atau al-salaf adalah bay’ ajl bi’ajil, yakni memperjualbelikan sesuatu yang dengan ketentuan sifat-sifatnya yang terjamin kebenarannya. Di dalam transaksi demikian, penyerahan ra’s al-mal dalam bentuk uang sebagai nilai tukar didahulukan daripada penyerahan komoditi yang dimaksud dalam transaksi itu. Ulama Syafi’iyah dan Hanabilah mendefinisikannya dengan: “Akad atas komoditas jual beli yang diberi sifat terjamin yang ditangguhkan (berjangka) dengan harga jual yang ditetapkan di dalam bursa akad”.


Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun dan syarat sebagai berikut:


a) Rukun sebagai unsur-unsur utama yang harus ada dalam suatu peristiwa transaksi Unsur-unsur utama di dalam bay’ al-salam adalah:


Pihak-pihak pelaku transaksi (‘aqid) yang disebut dengan istilah muslim atau muslim ilaih. Objek transaksi (ma’qud alaih), yaitu barang-barang komoditi berjangka dan harga tukar (ra’s al-mal al-salam dan al-muslim fih). Kalimat transaksi (Sighat ‘aqad), yaitu ijab dan kabul. Yang perlu diperhatikan dari unsur-unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Karena itu, ulama Syafi’iyah menekankan penggunaan istilah al-salam atau al-salaf di dalam kalimat-kalimat transaksi itu, dengan alasan bahwa ‘aqd al-salam adalah bay’ al-ma’dum dengan sifat dan cara berbeda dari akad jual dan beli (buy).


Persyaratan menyangkut objek transaksi, adalah: bahwa objek transaksi harus memenuhi kejelasan mengenai: jenisnya (an yakun fi jinsin ma’lumin), sifatnya, ukuran (kadar), jangka penyerahan, harga tukar, tempat penyerahan. Persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh harga tukar (al-tsaman), adalah, Pertama, kejelasan jenis alat tukar, yaitu dirham, dinar, rupiah atau dolar dsb atau barang-barang yang dapat ditimbang, disukat, dsb. Kedua, kejelasan jenis alat tukar apakah rupiah, dolar Amerika, dolar Singapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk kilogram, pond, dst. Kejelasan tentang kualitas objek transaksi, apakah kualitas istimewa, baik sedang atau buruk. Syarat-syarat di atas ditetapkan dengan maksud menghilangkan jahalah fi al-’aqd atau alasan ketidaktahuan kondisi-kondisi barang pada saat transaksi. Sebab hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya perselisihan di antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah harga tukar. Penjelasan singkat di atas nampaknya telah dapat memberikan kejelasan kebolehan PBK. Kalaupun dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, maka dapatlah digunakan kaidah hukum atau legal maxim yang berbunyi: ma la yudrak kulluh la yutrak kulluh. Apa yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan semuanya, maka tidak perlu ditinggalkan keseluruhannya.


Dengan demikian, hukum dan pelaksanaan PBK sampai batas-batas tertentu boleh dinyatakan dapat diterima atau setidak-tidaknya sesuai dengan semangat dan jiwa norma hukum Islam, dengan menganalogikan kepada bay’ al-salam.


1. The Basic Exchange Contracts.


وهناك إجماع عام بين الفقهاء الإسلاميين على وجهة نظر مفادها أنه يمكن تبادل عملات البلدان المختلفة على أساس فوري بمعدل يختلف عن الوحدة، لأن عملات بلدان مختلفة هي كيانات متميزة لها قيم مختلفة أو قيمة جوهرية، وقوة شرائية. ويبدو أيضا أن هناك اتفاقا عاما بين أغلبية العلماء على أنه لا يجوز صرف العملات على أساس إلى الأمام، أي عندما تكون حقوق والتزامات كلا الطرفين تتعلق بتاريخ مستقبلي. ومع ذلك، هناك اختلاف كبير في الرأي بين الفقهاء عندما تؤجل حقوق أي من الطرفين، وهو نفس التزام الطرف المقابل، إلى تاريخ لاحق.


To elaborate, let us consider the example of two individuals A and B who belong to two different countries, India and US respectively. A intends to sell Indian rupees and buy U. S dollars. The converse is true for B. The rupee-dollar exchange rate agreed upon is 1:20 and the transaction involves buying and selling of $50. The first situation is that A makes a spot payment of Rs1000 to B and accepts payment of $50 from B. The transaction is settled on a spot basis from both ends. Such transactions are valid and Islamically permissible. There are no two opinions about the same. The second possibility is that settlement of the transaction from both ends is deferred to a future date, say after six months from now. This implies that both A and B would make and accept payment of Rs1000 or $50, as the case may be, after six months. The predominant view is that such a contract is not Islamically permissible. A minority view considers it permissible. The third scenario is that the transaction is partly settled from one end only. For example, A makes a payment of Rs1000 now to B in lieu of a promise by B to pay $50 to him after six months. Alternatively, A accepts $50 now from B and promises to pay Rs1000 to him after six months. There are diametrically opposite views on the permissibility of such contracts which amount to bai-salam in currencies. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of various arguments in support and against the permissibility of these basic contracts involving currencies. The first form of contracting involving exchange of countervalues on a spot basis is beyond any kind of controversy. Permissibility or otherwise of the second type of contract in which delivery of one of the countervalues is deferred to a future date, is generally discussed in the framework of riba prohibition. Accordingly we discuss this contract in detail in section 2 dealing with the issue of prohibition of riba. Permissibility of the third form of contract in which delivery of both the countervalues is deferred, is generally discussed within the framework of reducing risk and uncertainty or gharar involved in such contracts. This, therefore, is the central theme of section 3 which deals with the issue of gharar. Section 4 attempts a holistic view of the Sharia relates issues as also the economic significance of the basic forms of contracting in the currency market.


2. مسألة حظر الربا.


ويمكن أن يعزى اختلاف وجهات النظر (1) بشأن جواز أو تبادل عقود الصرف بالعملات أساسا إلى مسألة حظر الربا.


The need to eliminate riba in all forms of exchange contracts is of utmost importance. Riba in its Sharia context is generally defined2 as an unlawful gain derived from the quantitative inequality of the countervalues in any transaction purporting to effect the exchange of two or more species (anwa), which belong to the same genus (jins) and are governed by the same efficient cause (illa). Riba is generally classified into riba al-fadl (excess) and riba al-nasia (deferment) which denote an unlawful advantage by way of excess or deferment respectively. Prohibition of the former is achieved by a stipulation that the rate of exchange between the objects is unity and no gain is permissible to either party. The latter kind of riba is prohibited by disallowing deferred settlement and ensuring that the transaction is settled on the spot by both the parties. Another form of riba is called riba al-jahiliyya or pre-Islamic riba which surfaces when the lender asks the borrower on the maturity date if the latter would settle the debt or increase the same. Increase is accompanied by charging interest on the amount initially borrowed.


The prohibition of riba in the exchange of currencies belonging to different countries requires a process of analogy (qiyas). And in any such exercise involving analogy (qiyas), efficient cause (illa) plays an extremely important role. It is a common efficient cause (illa), which connects the object of the analogy with its subject, in the exercise of analogical reasoning. The appropriate efficient cause (illa) in case of exchange contracts has been variously defined by the major schools of Fiqh. This difference is reflected in the analogous reasoning for paper currencies belonging to different countries.


A question of considerable significance in the process of analogous reasoning relates to the comparison between paper currencies with gold and silver. In the early days of Islam, gold and silver performed all the functions of money (thaman). Currencies were made of gold and silver with a known intrinsic value (quantum of gold or silver contained in them). Such currencies are described as thaman haqiqi, or naqdain in Fiqh literature. These were universally acceptable as principal means of exchange, accounting for a large chunk of transactions. Many other commodities, such as, various inferior metals also served as means of exchange, but with limited acceptability. These are described as fals in Fiqh literature. These are also known as thaman istalahi because of the fact that their acceptability stems not from their intrinsic worth, but due to the status accorded by the society during a particular period of time. The above two forms of currencies have been treated very differently by early Islamic jurists from the standpoint of permissibility of contracts involving them. The issue that needs to be resolved is whether the present age paper currencies fall under the former category or the latter. One view is that these should be treated at par with thaman haqiqi or gold and silver, since these serve as the principal means of exchange and unit of account like the latter. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. Exchange of thaman haqiqi is known as bai-sarf, and hence, the transactions in paper currencies should be governed by the Sharia rules relevant for bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance).


2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views.


2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition.


The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Sell gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, date for date, salt for salt, in same quantities on the spot; and when the commodities are different, sell as it suits you, but on the spot.” Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba.


For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins); these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.


Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities; these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established.


The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value . This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis.


Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision? If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis.


2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf.


Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions.


Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia.


Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). والعملات العمرية الحالية هي أمثلة على هذا النوع الأخير. هؤلاء العلماء يجدون الدعم في تلك الكتابات التي تؤكد أنه إذا كانت السلع التبادلية ليست الذهب أو الفضة، (حتى لو كان واحد من هذه هي الذهب أو الفضة) ثم، لا يمكن أن يطلق على البورصة باسم باي-سارف. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 “when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible…….. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition” (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf.


Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only; whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf.


Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya “anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold & silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia.


Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing & lending.


2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key ?


It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions.


It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the $50 purchased on credit at spot rate)” This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into $55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only $44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of $50.


Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: “In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price)” In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies.


A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7.


Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US; it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender.


Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman; or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country; or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract.


2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards.


So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties ? Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba.


We modify and rewrite the same example: “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is , in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate)” The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity.


Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases $50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10.


3. قضية الحرية من غرار.


Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles.


Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12.


An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13.


Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible.


3.2 Gharar & Speculation with of Futures & إلى الأمام.


Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is $50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and $50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date.


Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased.


Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries ? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling $50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar.


3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets.


Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of $50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his $50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell $50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party – whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained.


It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of $50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of $50 (with his obligation to pay $50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell $50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of $50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation.


4. ملخص & أمب؛ استنتاج.


وتتميز أسواق العملات اليوم بتقلبات أسعار الصرف. وينبغي ملاحظة هذه الحقيقة في أي تحليل لأنواع العقود الأساسية الثلاثة التي يكون فيها أساس التمييز هو إمكانية تأجيل الالتزامات إلى المستقبل. لقد حاولنا تقييم هذه الأشكال من التعاقدات من حيث الحاجة الماسة للقضاء على أي احتمال للربا، والتقليل من الغرار، جهل وإمكانية التكهنات من نوع أقرب إلى ألعاب الصدفة. وفي السوق المتقلبة، يتعرض المشاركون لمخاطر العملات، وتتطلب العقلانية الإسلامية الحد من هذه المخاطر من أجل تحقيق الكفاءة إذا لم يتم تخفيضها إلى الصفر.


It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants.


At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays’ complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract – speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive.


The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. .


Notes & المراجع.


1- تنعكس هذه الآراء المتنوعة في الورقات التي قدمت في ندوة الفقه الرابعة التي نظمتها أكاديمية الفقه الإسلامي في الهند عام 1991 والتي نشرت لاحقا في المجلة الفقه الإسلامي، الجزء الرابع من الأكاديمية. وتستند المناقشة حول حظر الربا إلى هذه الآراء.


2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16.


3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9.


4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25.


5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991.


6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991.


7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. “In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases $50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging $50 with $55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for $55 at spot rate of 1:20)” Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too ? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic.


8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices.


9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller.


10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible.


11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty.


12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty.


Ibn Abbas reported that when Allah’s prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: “Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time”.


It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mother’s womb.


13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty.


The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance.


14. The holy prophet is reported to have said ” Do not sell what is not with you”


Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: “He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it.” Ibn Abbas said: “I think it applies to all other things as well”.


15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase.


16. M Hashim Kamali “Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996.


Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India.


FOREX DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM.


بســـــــم الله الرحمن الرحيـــــــم.


دلام بوكونيا Prof. ماسجفوك زهدي يانغ بيراجودول ماصيل فيخيا؛ Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam.


Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhan/komoditi antar negara yang bersifat internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat bayar yaitu UANG yang masing-masing negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan berbeda satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGAN NILAI MATA UANG antar negara.


Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan dan penawaran inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai.


HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS.


1. Ada Ijab-Qobul: —> Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima.


Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat)


2. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu:


Suci barangnya (bukan najis) Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan.


Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama .


لاتشترواالسمك فیالماءفاءنه غرد.


& # 8220؛ جانغان كامو ميمبلي إيكان دلام إير، كارينا سيسونغونيا جوال بيلي يانغ ديميكيان إيتو منغاندونغ بينيبوان & # 8221 ؛. (هاديس أحمد بن همال دان البيهاقي داري ابن ابن ماس & أمب؛ # 8217؛ أود)


جوال بيلي بارانغ يانغ تيداك دي تمبات ترانزاكسي ديبيربولهكان دنغان سيارات هاروس ديترانغكان سيفات-سيفاتنيا أتاو سيري-سيرينيا. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar , artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah:


من سترئ شيتالم يرهفله الخيارإذاراه.


“Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya”.


Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam:


المشقة تجلب التيسر.


Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.


Demikian juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkus/tertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, LPG, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi label yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. سبق ذكره. hal. 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55.


JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM.


Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya.


Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa untuk mengimpor dari luar negeri.


Dengan demikian akan timbul penawaran dan perminataan di bursa valuta asing. setiap negara berwenang penuh menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandingan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika = Rp. 12.000. Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing (A. W. J. Tupanno, et. al. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77)


ترك الرد إلغاء الرد.


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